Should Standardized Test Be Abolished from the School...

Should Standardized Tests be Abolished from the School Educational System in America? The standardized test issues have always been one of the most important issues in the educational system of a country. Standardized test is a test for which norms on a reference group, ordinarily drawn from many schools or communities, are provided (Van Kollenburg, Susan E., 2002). In simpler terms, standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of students’ performance. A very large amount of students graduate every year from schools all over the world. Thus, standardized tests give educators a common model for assessing these students. Standardized tests are also known as high stakes tests. Although the names, formats and manners in which†¦show more content†¦The use of standardized tests by schools is commonly criticized by parents, school teachers and school officials because the tests do not necessarily confirm what students have learned, nor do they reveal what students have achieved (Sampson, 2006: p84). The pressure put on standardized tests to show the effectiveness of students’ performance, not only changes how teachers teach and what students study, but also our understanding of the nature of learning and achievement. Because of this undue pressure, it is not surprising that students tend to push out areas of study that will not be tested. Teachers are not at fault for the behaviour of their students. Teachers complain that students glaze over when they find out that presented information will not be tested (Jones, 1996). As a result, teachers often will teach to the test. Standardized tests have changed the very perspective of a school education. Are students going to school to gain knowledge or simply to learn how to sit for their SATs? Teachers or educators, whatever you call them, they are the most important person in a student’s life. Standardized tests have not only effects on students but also on teachers. Standardized tests rob teachers of their sense of judgement about how to help children develop to t heir optimal potential. These tests provide a much narrowed curriculum leavingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Correlation Between Homework and Academic Success 1524 Words   |  7 PagesAmple research has been done on the correlation between homework and academic success with many opposing views. Research has shown that homework can be linked to better grades, improved standardized test scores, and more prepared students entering the post-secondary arena; however, this correlation is weak and the opposition has equal ammunition to support that there is no correlation between homework and academic success. There have been movements to abolish homework as well as movements to increaseRead MoreThe Effects Of Standardized Tests On Students Academic Performance1469 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized tests have become the pragmatic form of gauging a child’s intellect, and also have become the major factor in universities accepting applicants. Behind the results of each test lies t he ability to mould a child’s future, with test for every occasion whether it is for medical school, an International Baccalaureate entrance exam, college or university admission, there is no escaping such discriminatory tests. These tests are designed to predict a student’s intellect, as well as evaluateRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Impact On Education3441 Words   |  14 Pages Since its creation in 1965 affirmative action has been heralded by supporters as a landmark achievement and a means to erase the legacy of discrimination and raise the educational outcomes and benefits of America’s protected classes.1 Despite the support it has received, there are large numbers of people who have expressed their opposition to affirmative action in education, claiming that it is a form of discrimination, and questioning its effectiveness. As the debate rages, researchers have exhaustivelyRead MoreAffirmative Action : A Right And A Theory2415 Words   |  10 PagesAffirmative action has faced much scrutiny in its 53 year history. There has been plenty of praise, and even disapproval from some for this term created by President John F. Kennedy when he enacted Executive Order 10925. 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Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology deals with the various means of fighting crimes as regards to penalties and other measures of security, while Penitentiary Science is limited only to the study of penalties dealing with deprivation of liberty. ï  ½ The Golden Age of Penology - the period from 1870 to 1880 was consideredRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 PagesDEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my wife Hajiya Fatima Abdullahi and my children Mohammed Bashar, Zainab, Jamila, Aisha, Isa, Fatima and Abdullahi for their patience and understanding, especially when the demands of office kept me away from home. They have been quite wonderful and a source of inspiration to me in realizing my vision of acquiring a Ph. 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E Commerce Retailing And Services Essay - 856 Words

E-commerce Retailing and Services 1. Describe three techniques retail merchants use to integrate their online and offline sales channel beyond having an online store. The offline retailers diversify their marketing strategy to succeed on the web. Consumers use computers, tablets, and mobile devices to find the lowest-cost products and to complete a retail transaction. Thus, the retailers have developed a marketing strategy to integrate the online and offline experiences. The three techniques that the retail merchants use to integrate their online and offline include the interactive kiosks; online order of in-store pick-up or home delivery; online order with in-store returns. The self-service retail kiosks use a numerous of methods that include the interactive products’ location in the store, the mobile-friendly payment methods, and the remote location. First, the kiosk has a large screen that allows the users to interact directly with the store website and to locate the products in the store. Second, the kiosk allows the user to scan their products and to make payment via the mobile devices. Finally, the system gives customers the opportunity to reserve the transaction through the website and complete through the in-store kiosk. Consumers order the product through the website and pick it in the store. Moreover, they can buy the product through the web and receive it via home delivery. In the same convenience, customers order the product through the website and return it toShow MoreRelatedCan We Consider Walmart A Fair Competitor?s Online Success?1609 Words   |  7 PagesNot only has Amazon seized the world with its e-commerce strategy, but it is also willing to forego profits to gain market share, making it difficult for Walmart to find a space in the online retailing spotlight. 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That means that firms market advantage such as economies of scale are no longer enough to makeRead MoreE-Tailing1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe e–tailing business sector is described as â€Å"the selling of retail goods electronically over the internet† (DMS Retail, 2011, p.2). Information technology in the e-tail business sector is developing with † the emergence of standardized Web 2.0 technology and open source software packages, shopping cart and e-tail e-commerce tools have become cheaper, more powerful, standardized and chock-full of all kinds of interactive, multichannel and multimedia features† (E- Commerce Times, 2007, p.1). MajorRead MoreThe Impact Of Privacy On Online Purchase Decisions Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesDecision Sciences Institute (pp.1054-1057), Athens, Greece. Giffin, K. (1967). The contribution of studies of source credibility to a theory of interpersonal trust in the communication process. Psychological Bulletin, 68(2): 104-120. Iraqi, F. (2006). E-commerce. Le dirham passe sur la Toile. Bank Al-Maghrib Jaques, R. (2004). UK tops European online shopping league. Computing Vnunet.com, Business News, Available from: www.computing.co.uk/news/1159326 [Accessed 11 November 2008]. Janiszewski, C. (1998)Read MoreAmazons Competitive Analysis1296 Words   |  6 Pagesin the same marketplace. Competitors can compete directly or indirectly. Competition happens on two levels: Product or service competition. Due to the shift of focus for Amazon, it has become the Earths biggest anything store. Its competitors have expanded from just online book retailers Barnes and Nobles and Borders to top audio retailers CDNOW.com and online auction house e-bay.com. Amazon has an overall lead of 40% market share against the other online retail firms. Their international businessRead More e-bay Essay837 Words   |  4 Pages E-commerce and Security Abstract This project will look at e-Commerce, concentrating on security measures of an online auction site, eBay. Security on the Internet is a concern for any online business in todays society. We will discuss online services, how businesses on the Internet conduct their transactions and shipping. With eBay we will be looking at their operation procedures while concentrating on Firewalls, Transparent Cryptographic File and Public Key Infrastructure as possible solutions

Programmable Logic Controller Programming

Question: Describe about the Programmable Logic Controller for Programming? Answer: Programmable Logic Controller- A programmable logic controller is used to control machines and processes. To store specific functions and instructions, a programmable memory is used by it so it can be called as a specialized computer or digital computer also. Instructions and specific functions include timing, ON/OFF control, sequencing, counting, arithmetic and data handling. It is used for automation of typically industrial electromechanical processes. It is used in many industries and machines. Extended temperature ranges, digital and analog inputs and outputs can be arranged easily by programmable logic controller. Battery- backed- up store the programs which are used to control the machine operations. Battery-backed-up is also known as non-volatile memory. PLCs have the facility for extensive input / output arrangements. PLCs are connected to sensors and actuators by inputs and outputs. Positions of complex positioning systems, analog process variables and limit switches are read by programmable logic control ler. Process variables include temperature and pressure. Pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, electric motors, solenoids, magnetic relays and analog outputs are operated by programmable logic controller. Set up of programmable logic controller- For placing and interconnecting the components, system layout is the perfect approach. It is the approach for not only to satisfy the application, but also to ensure the trouble free operation of the controller in its environment. System layout consists the other components that form the total system. Safety control relays, auxiliary power supply, incoming line noise suppressors and isolation transformers are included in these components. These components are easy to access and maintain, in a carefully constructed layout. System productivity can be increased by careful installation planning. The programmable logic controller should be located near the machine because temperature, electrical noise and humidity can be controlled easily by it. When designing the system layout, the effect of humidity, temperature, vibration and electrical noise are important. Actual placement of the controller is decided by these factors. The placement of the programmable logic controller depends on the number of components, modularity and physical design of each component of the system. Mounting and spacing requirements are different for each controller. Local power disconnects isolation and constant voltage transformers and surge suppressors should be located near the top of the devices and beside the power supply. These devices are known as incoming line devices. Communication media to be used- PLC Cables- There are various companies which manufacture PLC cables. Some of these are- Siemens, Allen Bradely, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Omron, Fuji, GE Fanuc, Delta, Hitachi, Schneider. Siemens PLC cables- Express card CP5512 is suitable for laptop express card slot. PROFIBUS/ MPI/ PPI/ FWL communication is achieved between PC and SIMATIC net by it. Communication speed is 9.6 Kbps 12 Mbps. After the conversion card, it can be used for desktop computer also. Cables fully support the USB to PROFIBUS/ MPI/ PPI communication. Special protocol processing chip is used by it. It contains more powerful functions and it is 100 % compatible with Siemens original PC adapter USB. Largest speed is 1.5 Mbps. It supports the long distance communication. PLC Cables Adapter- Adapter should be compatible with Siemens HMI adapter and PC adapter. RS232 port of HMI and PC is fully supported to Profit bus/ MPI communication by this adapter. Siemens special protocol processing chip is used by it. This adapter can be used for Siemens S7- 300/400 series PLC and other equipments with MPI interface/ profit bus. Optical isolated power supplies are RS232 - RS485. It is suitable for the strong communication interface. To establish the communication between Siemens S7 - 200 PLC and Ethernet, Siemens S7 200 PLC Ethernet adapter is used. It is used to set up the communication between Siemens S7 200 PLC and internet or 3G wireless network by the programing interface of S7 200 PLC. RS 485 interface is used as programing interface. There is no need to revise the software, communication protocol and support dynamic DNS. User can remote control the PLC by internet. In order to suit harsh environment in the industrial scene, the RS 485 interface, RJ 45 port and power suppl y ports are isolated. To establish the communication between S7 300 / 400 PLC and Ethernet, Siemens S7 300 / 400 PLC Ethernet adapter is used. Applications of the cables and connectors- Higher data rates are transmitted by coaxial cables. Coaxial cable does not require the shielding of steel conduit. There is an advantage of small size, resistance to noise and flexibility in fiber optic cables. Mostly, the PLC communications is done by twisted pair cables and RS 232C. RS 232 port can communicate with printers, host computers, terminals and other devices. The maximum transmission speed achieved by it is 19.2 Kbps. For longer transmission distances, RS 422 is used. There are two wires in each of its primary signals. With respect to signal ground, these wires are always at opposite logic levels. So, the longer transmission distance can be achieved by the interface (4000 feet) and higher data transmission rates (up to 90 Kbps). Data transfer can reach 10 Mbps in shorter runs ( less than 50 feet). Data exchange between a computer and a printer or between two computers can be done by RS 232 port. A path is used for data exchange between the devices. For this path, the vol tage is defined by RS 232. For the purposes of cancelling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources, two conductors are wound together in a form of wiring. This form of wiring is known as twisted pair cabling. The loop area between the wires is reduced so the interference is decreased in twisted wires. Equal and opposite signals are carried by two wires. Because of phase shift, the signals are neutralized. Electromagnetic interference from external sources is prevented by twisted pair cables. They prevent the cross talk from external wires also. They are used in data networks, telephone networks and cable shielding. Twisted pair cables protect cable from external electromagnetic interferences. These cables are used with token ring networks. These cables are long lasting in nature and highly flexible. These cables are used in many telephone systems and Ethernet networks. PROFINET / PROFIBUS network- There are various automation components in PROFINET component based automation (CBA). All electrical, mechanical and IT variables are covered by one component. Standard programing tools can generate the component. Using a PROFINET component description (PCD) file, a component is described in XML. These descriptions are loaded by a primary tool and logical interconnections are enabled between the individual components by the planning tool. In automation technology, PROFIBUS is a standard for field bus communication. The full form of PROFIBUS is Process Field Bus. German department of education and research promoted it in 1989. There are two types of PROFIBUS- PROFIBUS DP and PROFIBUS PA. In production automation applications, sensors and actuators are operated by PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals). These are operated via a centralized controller. In process automation applications, measuring equipment are monitored by PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation). A process control system is used to monitor it. The cable (physical layer) conforms to IEC 61158-2. Over the bus, power is delivered by it. Data transmission rate in PA is of 31.25 Kbits/s. Same protocol is used in PA and DP. By using a coupler device, a link can be established between PA and DP. In hybrid applications, DP and PA can work together. In hybrid applications, process and factory automation networks are operated side by side. The communication path must be established, to set up a communication between an IO device and the higher level controller. IO controller sets up these paths. These are set up during system start up. It is based on the configuration data in the engineering system. Advantages- PROFINET has been in development for about 10 years. PROFINET ensures a future for both PROFINET and PROFIBUS. It builds on the success of PROFIBUS. PROFIBUS is growing exponentially. Currently over 30 million devices installed. PROFINET is currently growing at about 40% per year. Limitations- Due to poor layout and installation, 90% problems are caused. Wiring problems cannot be eliminated by it. Routing, interference pick up and grounding problems are occurred by it. Range of protocols used is very extensive. ETHERCAT- It is known as Ethernet for control automation technology. The protocol is suitable for soft and hard real time requirements. The addressed data is read by the Ethercat slave devices. When the telegram passes through the device, the addressed data is read. When the telegram passes, the input data is inserted. Without processing, the frame is not completely received. Optimization of Ethercat protocol is done to process data. Ethercat protocol is transported directly within the standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet frame. Several sub telegrams are consisted in it. In the network, the data sequence is independent of the physical orders of the nodes. Addressing can be done in any order. Advantages- Speed Flexible topology Synchronization Device profiles Safety protocols Development Diagnosis and Error localization High availability Communication profiles Integration of other bus systems Limitations of PLC- There is difficulty with replacements or changes. There is too much work required in connecting wires. When a problem occurs, hold up time is indefinite, usually long. Its always difficult to find errors and requires skillful work force. Future development in PLCs- To solve the problems, two methods have been discussed. 1st is the quasi broadband PLC by which the advantages of broadband and narrowband PLCs are combined. 2nd is dual mode communication technology by which PLC and wireless are integrated together. These two technologies will be an effective solution for various smart grid applications. References- American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS): Guidelines for Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety, 1989 Bishop, P.G. (editor), Dependability of Critical Computer Systems 3 - Techniques Directory - Guidelines produced by The European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems, Technical Committee 7 (EWICS TC 7), 1990 Wichman, B.A.; Davies, M.: Experience with a compiler testing tool, NPL Report DITC 138/89, 1989 Wichmann, B.A.: Insecurities in the ADA programming language, NPL Report DITC 137/89, January 1989. Cullyer, W.J.; Goodenough, S.J.; Wichmann, B.A.: The choice of computer languages for use in safety-critical systems, Software Engineering Journal, March 1991 International Electro technical Commission (IEC) Standard 1131-1: Programmable Controllers--Part 1; General Information International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draft Standard 1508 - Functional Safety: Safety Related Systems, Parts 1 - 7, 1997 J.M. Rata: Standardisation efforts world-wide, in: Phil Bennett (ed.): Safety aspects of computer control, 1993 Ministry of Defence, The Procurement of Safety Critical Software in Defence Equipment, Interim Defence Standard 00-55, April 1991 R. E. Bloomfield: Standards for safety related computer systems: a tour through current and emerging standards, CSR 9th Annual Conference on Software Safety, Luxembourg 7-10 April 1992

Vegan is the way to go Essay Example For Students

Vegan is the way to go Essay The greatest of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.(Mahatma Gandhi Quotes) Gandhi said this in his book, The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism, this belief is still valid in todays modern society. At the present time in the United States, the concern for the health and well being of animals is drastically increasing. And one of the most substantial indications of this is the increasing number of vegans and vegetarians in our nation. Today there are over half a million vegans and countless millions of vegetarians in the United States alone. There are several different kinds of vegetarians following this practice. A vegan consumes no foods of any kind produced by animals. An ovo-vegetarian eats eggs, but no dairy foods or animal flesh. A lacto-vegetarian eats dairy foods, but no eggs or animal flesh. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian eats dairy foods and eggs, but no animal flesh. These people are most commonly referred to as just vegetarians. A semi-vegetarian eats dairy food and egg and occasionally includes fish or chicken but no other animal flesh. Aside from dietary habits, a vegan also has several more rules to follow. A vegan cannot use any product made from the body parts of an animal such as leather, ivory, fur, and even pearls. They also cannot use products which have been tested on animals. Vegans are sometimes referred to as an animals greatest ally. Veganism originally started in India in the first century A. D.. Hindus did not become vegan because of deep religious reasons or for personal health reasons, but because of environmental pressures. It became both uneconomical and unsanitary to raise animals in so crowded an environment. Through the centuries veganism never really caught on due to lack of modern medicine and improper understanding of the functions of the human body. Around the beginning of the twentieth century, it is thought that the discovery of vitamins and minerals gave birth to the idea of eating for optimum health and fitness, and thus, the rediscovery of veganism. Up through the 1900s, more and more people started to say stop to the unfair torture of animals. Since the dawn of man, humans have used animals to their advantage. Animal flesh has been a good source of vitamins and protein. The skin was used for warmth and shelter. Before several of the modern advances made by mankind, animals were needed to sustain human survival and prosperity. In todays society, many of the products on our store shelves are tested on animals for safety reasons. Even with all the great uses there are for dead animals, modern nutrition and science has made so many new advancements in research that it has become completely unnecessary to kill any animal for any reason. Humans can survive solely on vegetation and supplementation. Animal testing is unnecessary due to new DNA and computer graphic research. In this paper three major issues dealing with veganism will be discussed. Whether or not the vegan life style is healthier then the average way of life? Is animal testing necessary or should it be banned? And should animals be used in the entertainment industry? There is no reason to injure or kill animals for any reason. Americans as a society should be vegan. One major issue is whether or not the vegan lifestyle is healthier than the average way of life. The average way of life consists of the four major food groups: meat, dairy, grains, and fruits/vegetables. In the vegan lifestyle, meat and dairy foods are cut out of the diet. From a nutritional standpoint, animal food does have its advantages. For one thing it is nutrient-dense; it is a concentrated source of calories, protein, iron, zinc, copper, and in the case of dairy products, calcium. Veganism is actually much healthier than consuming meat and dairy products. .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .postImageUrl , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:hover , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:visited , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:active { border:0!important; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:active , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: War and the service of art Essay Most people who become vegans use improper supplementation and will eventually make themselves sick. It is not denying the body meat that vegetarians and vegans have problems with, but instead a lack of calories. The human body needs a certain balance of vitamins and minerals to sustain proper health. Usually, when a person decides to become a .